A review of the interactions between biodiversity, agriculture, climate change, and international trade: research and policy priorities

Striving to feed a population set reach almost 10 billion people by 2050 in sustainable way is high on the research and policy agendas. Further intensification expansion of agricultural lands would be major concern for environment biodiversity. There is, therefore, need understand better impacts biodiversity from global food system. Since underpins functions services that are essential agriculture, greater consideration role system needed. Here we have generated conceptual framework separating environment-agriculture-trade into its key components, revealing complex interactions highlighting This process identified components well studied, gaps preventing understanding interactions, trade-offs, synergies between biodiversity, climate change, international trade. We highlight eight priorities will promote complexities Many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including zero hunger, clean water, maintaining life land action, influenced production maintenance within around land. 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Arunkumar Comparison static multipurpose reservoir operation.Water 52: 8630-8649Crossref (22) A recently published their remaining gaps. then constructed diagram represent Starting main elements influences nodes described scientific literature. expansion, known negatively influence biodiversity,11Kehoe Scholar,12Newbold increasingly due affluence.9Weinzettel were discussed among all authors, relevant symbols added. term “environment-agriculture-trade system” brevity but consider In diagrams (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4), arrows connection variables, correlation, feedback, represented plus minus sign arrowhead. represents expected numerical relationship scale, one variable either (+) decrease (?) other. fertilizer generally higher yields reduces atmospheric (see Note S1 more information). exhaustive review, endeavored compile references field. reality, may ambiguous complicated simple identified, no doubt unable complete subtleties. representation allows visual mapping some achieve biodiversity.Figure 3Interactions changeShow full captionClimate directly, abiotic factors severity events. affect indirectly associated feedback (represented gray dashed lines) targets. bring thought only short term, most negative. Arrows indicate signifying effect general effect. Colors signify (green), (orange), (blue).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 4Interactions tradeShow captionApart spatially decoupled supply connected various routes, emissions, spread species. element so should possible, along feedbacks, negative, particularly long time scales. Dashed lines well-studied (blue), activities (purple), (black).View (PPT) (blue). Apart (black). generation reveals knowledge becoming pronounced wider network considered. highlights and, alongside assessment literature, uncertainties prevent integration research. Using generate considering analyses. By determine policy. hope encourage multidisciplinary required fully consists described, becomes clear subsets studied not. assessed broad production.33Poore 34Springmann 35Pastor neglected affected benefiting agriculture. exam